What maintains the steep concentration gradients needed for successful gas exchange in the lungs?
1) Air flow in the alveoli is in the opposite direction to blood flow in the capillaries.
2) Blood arrives in the lungs with a lower oxygen concentration and a higher carbon dioxide concentration than the air in the alveoli.
3) Blood is constantly flowing through and out of the lungs, bringing a fresh supply of red blood cells.
1 )
1, 2 and 3
2 )
1 and 2 only
3 )
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
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