A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a voltmeter and four other components, as shown.
The voltmeter is connected between points X and Y. The positive terminal of the voltmeter is connected to X and the negative terminal of the voltmeter is connected to Y.
Initially, the resistance of each of the four components is $1.0k\Omega $.
Which change, on its own, will cause the voltmeter to show a positive reading?

1 )
Decrease the temperature of the thermistor.
2 )
Increase the resistance of the variable resistor.
Reduce the intensity of light incident on the light-dependent resistor (LDR).
4 )
Replace the fixed resistor with a $500\Omega $ resistor.
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