Biology 9700/13 Oct Nov 2023 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Microscopy concepts, including magnification, resolution, and the use of stage micrometers for cell measurement.

2. Cellular processes such as enzyme secretion pathways, DNA replication in mitosis, and the roles of microtubules and centrioles.

3. Biochemical structures, comparing phospholipids, triglycerides, and monomers like glucose in polysaccharides (e.g., amylopectin, glycogen).

4. Transport mechanisms, including endocytosis, exocytosis, and water movement through apoplast and symplast pathways.

5. Gas exchange system in humans, highlighting structural features like cartilage, epithelial types, and factors enhancing oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.

6. Immune system response, vaccine mechanisms involving mRNA, and factors affecting antibiotic resistance in bacteria.