Biology 9700,11 Oct Nov 2024

1. Cell Structure & Function | Organelles in animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells, roles of nucleoli in protein synthesis, density gradient centrifugation, and nucleic acids in cell structures.

2. Protein Synthesis & Secretion | Sequence of transcription, translation, modification in Golgi, and vesicle transport, structure of double-membrane organelles.

3. Carbohydrates & Lipids | Polysaccharide structure, triglyceride hydrolysis, cellulose hydrogen bonding, and biochemical tests for macromolecules.

4. Protein & Enzyme Structure | Amino acid interactions, enzyme activity in varying pH, competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

5. Cell Membranes & Transport | Phospholipid bilayer structure, osmosis and water potential gradients, permeability changes due to temperature and solvents.

6. Cell Division & Genetic Material | Mitosis stages, roles of mitotic structures, chromosomal number changes during the cell cycle, and mutation effects on proteins.