Biology 9700/22 Oct Nov 2010 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Protein synthesis steps: transcription in the nucleus, translation in rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein modification in Golgi apparatus, and exocytosis via secretory vesicles.

2. Malaria control: female Anopheles mosquito studies due to disease transmission role, pathogen life cycle involving liver and red blood cells, and global distribution influenced by environmental factors.

3. Enzyme properties: globular protein structure, specificity, mixtures for plant vs. fungal cell wall digestion, and pH maintenance for enzyme activity.

4. Osmosis effects: red blood cell behavior in hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic salt solutions; implications of water potential differences on cell volume.

5. Immune response: vaccine-induced primary response steps, antibody production by plasma cells, and herd immunity protecting unvaccinated populations.

6. Gas exchange mechanisms: alveolar adaptations for diffusion, elastic fiber function, and partial pressure differences driving oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between blood and alveoli.