Biology 9700/41 May June 2011 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Impact of Arctic ice sheet reduction on polar bears (Ursus maritimus), with adaptations to climate changes and comparison of eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic cell structures.

2. Bioleaching processes using thermophilic bacteria like Sulfolobus metallicus; effects of arsenic resistance and natural selection in enhancing bioleaching efficiency.

3. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures, role of sperm cell components, and fluorescent probes for assessing sperm viability.

4. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD): β-cell destruction leading to diabetes, impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, and thick mucus secretion's role in lung function decline.

5. Sorghum adaptations to drought conditions, including smaller leaf area and motor cells enabling leaf rolling; digestibility differences in raw and cooked protein.

6. Canavan disease genetics and its impact on the nervous system; role of myelin sheath in neuronal function and implications of enzyme specificity.

7. ATP's role as an energy carrier, anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration efficiency, and metabolic pathways' locations in cellular respiration, including glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.

8. Hedgehog population dynamics on isolated islands, ecological impacts on bird populations, and potential speciation due to geographic isolation.

9. Control systems in animals: endocrine and nervous system roles, and apical dominance regulation in plants via auxin distribution.

10. Photosynthesis mechanisms: ATP and reduced NADP production via non-cyclic photophosphorylation, and Calvin cycle steps in carbon fixation.