Biology 9700/52 March 2017 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Variables: independent variables (ATP concentration, glucose presence), dependent variables (muscle fiber contraction percentage).
2. Methodology: controlled muscle strip testing, ATP concentration gradient setup, Ringer’s solution as a control.
3. Hypotheses: ATP concentration directly correlates with muscle contraction percentage.
4. Statistical analysis: chi-squared test for genetic traits; experimental graphing for ATP effects.
5. Evolutionary dynamics: moth population adaptation, industrial melanism, selective predation, environmental influence on allele frequencies.
6. Experimental considerations: standardization of environmental variables, validity challenges, external factors influencing outcomes.