Biology 9700/21 Oct Nov 2021 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

- Transmission electron micrograph analysis of plant cells, identification of cell structures, differences between plant and animal cells, starch granule testing, and color change indicators.
- Composition differences between blood and interstitial fluid, cell surface membrane structure, phospholipid arrangement, and cholesterol roles in membrane stability.
- Nicotine effects on cardiovascular system, co-transport mechanisms for nicotine and sucrose, concentration gradients, and cellular transport processes.
- Cholera transmission methods, choleragen structure, immune response involving phagocytes, lysosome functions, and vaccine components.
- Telomere function in cell division, telomerase activity in stem and tumor cells, cancer treatment strategies targeting telomerase, and implications of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae.
- Transpiration definition, potometer usage for measuring water uptake, air movement effects on transpiration rates, xylem vessel water movement mechanisms, and cardiac cycle stages with valve functions.