Biology 9700/41 May June 2022 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

- Golden mantella (Mantella aurantiaca), domain, kingdom, brightly colored skin, toxin, benefits of coloration.
- Toxin effects on sarcomeres, Ca²⁺ ATPase inhibition, consequences for muscle fibers, calcium ion role in cholinergic synapse.
- Chloroplast structure-function relationship, photosynthesis, cyclic photophosphorylation features, red algae pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin), deep water survival.
- Aerobic respiration stages (glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation), ATP synthesis, substrate-linked phosphorylation locations, pyruvate transformation in link reaction.
- Genetic engineering techniques (plasmid vectors, gene editing), transgenic organisms, social benefits of gene editing in orange trees (Citrus sinensis), resistance to citrus canker disease.
- Reindeer subspecies (Rangifer tarandus), morphological differences, natural selection, genetic drift, hybridization effects on genetic variation and climate adaptation.