Chemistry 9701/22 Oct Nov 2010 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Hydrocarbon Combustion: Determining the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon through its complete combustion and analyzing the products. The reaction involves oxygen and the identification of gases remaining after shaking with potassium hydroxide.
2. Titration for Acid Concentration: Using sodium thiosulfate to titrate liberated iodine, calculating the moles of iodine and hydrochloric acid involved in the reaction, and ultimately determining the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
3. Environmental Chemistry: Understanding the Haber process for ammonia synthesis, the impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on eutrophication, and the pollutants CO and NO formed in internal combustion engines, with catalytic converter reactions to mitigate these pollutants.
4. Crude Oil Processing: Fractional distillation to separate hydrocarbons, cracking long-chain molecules like undecane to form smaller alkanes and alkenes, with a focus on pentane's structural isomerism and boiling point differences.
5. Cracking and Isomerism: Conditions for cracking hydrocarbons and determining the molecular formula of an unsaturated hydrocarbon formed. Analysis of enthalpy changes in combustion reactions and the molecular mass of the product.
6. Halogenoalkanes Reactions: Identifying reagents and solvents used in reactions of 1-bromobutane, and understanding the rate differences when 1-iodobutane undergoes the same reaction.
7. CFCs and Alternatives: Properties of CFCs, their role in ozone depletion, and the transition to using hydrocarbons as aerosol propellants. The homolytic fission of CFCs under UV light and the hazards associated with their breakdown.