Chemical Bonds Explained: Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds, Electronegativity, and Naming Compounds | A Comprehensive Guide to Chemical Bonding

ارسال شده توسط این معلم:

UNIT 1: Atomic structure

1.1 Particles in the atom and atomic radius

1.2 Isotopes

1.3 Electrons‚ energy levels and atomic orbitals

1.4 Ionisation energy

UNIT 2: Atoms‚ molecules and stoichiometry

2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules

2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant

2.3 Formulae

2.4 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

UNIT 3: Chemical bonding

3.1 Electronegativity and bonding

3.2 Ionic bonding

3.3 Metallic bonding

3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

3.5 Shapes of molecules

3.6 Intermolecular forces‚ electronegativity and bond properties

3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams

UNIT 4: States of matter

4.1The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT

4.2 Bonding and structure

UNIT 5: Chemical energetics

5.1 Enthalpy change‚ ΔH

5.2 Hess’s Law

UNIT 6: Electrochemistry

6.1 Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)

UNIT 7: Equilibria

7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions‚ dynamic equilibrium

7.2 Bronsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

UNIT 8: Reaction kinetics

8.1 Rate of reaction

8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

Inorganic chemistry

UNIT 9: The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity

9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3

9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements

UNIT 10: Group 2

10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals‚ magnesium to barium‚ and their compounds

UNIT 11: Group 17

11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions

11.4 The reactions of chlorine

UNIT 12: Nitrogen and sulfur

12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur

Organic chemistry

UNIT 13: An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry

13.1 Formulae‚ functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

13.3 Shapes of Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

13.4 Isomerism: structural and stereoisomerism

UNIT 14: Hydrocarbons

14.1 Alkanes

UNIT 15: Halogen compounds

15.1 Halogenoalkanes

UNIT 16: Hydroxy compounds

16.1 Alcohols

UNIT 17: Carbonyl compounds

17.1 Aldehydes and ketones

UNIT 18: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

18.1 Carboxylic acids

18.2 Esters

UNIT 19: Nitrogen compounds

19.1 Primary amines

19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles

UNIT 20: Polymerisation

20.1 Addition polymerisation

UNIT 21: Organic synthesis Analysis

21.1 Organic synthesis

UNIT 22: Analytical techniques

22.1 Infra-red spectroscopy

22.2 Mass spectrometry

UNIT 23: Chemical energetics

23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles

23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration

23.3 Entropy change‚ ΔS

23.4 Gibbs free energy change‚ ΔG

UNIT 24: Electrochemistry

24.1 Electrolysis

24.2 Standard electrode potentials; standard cell potentials and the Nernst equation

UNIT 25: Equilibria

25.1 Acids and bases

25.2 Partition coefficients

UNIT 26: Reaction kinetics

26.1 Simple rate equations‚ orders of reaction and rate constants

26.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

Inorganic chemistry

UNIT 27: Group 2

27.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals‚ magnesium to barium‚ and their compounds

UNIT 28: Chemistry of transition elements

28.1 General characteristic chemical properties of the first set of transition elements‚ titanium to copper

28.2 General characteristic chemical properties of the first set of transition elements‚ titanium to copper

28.3 Colour of complexes

28.4 Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes

28.5 Stability constants‚ Kstab

Organic chemistry

UNIT 29: An introduction to A Level organic chemistry

29.1 Formulae‚ functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

29.2 Characteristic organic reactions

29.3 Shapes of Aromatic Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

29.4 Isomerism: optical

UNIT 30: Hydrocarbons

30.1 Arenes

UNIT 31: Halogen compounds

31.1 Halogen compounds

UNIT 32: Hydroxy compounds

32.1 Alcohols

32.2 Phenol

UNIT 33: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

33.1 Carboxylic acids

33.2 Esters

33.3 Acyl chlorides

UNIT 34: Nitrogen compounds

34.1 Primary and secondary amines

34.2 Phenylamine and azo compounds

34.3 Amides

34.4 Amino acids

UNIT 35: Polymerisation

35.1 Condensation polymerisation

35.2 Predicting the type of polymerisation

35.3 Degradable polymers

UNIT 36: Organic synthesis Analysis

36.1 Organic synthesis

UNIT 37: Analytical techniques

37.1 Thin-layer chromatography

37.2 Gas /liquid chromatography

37.3 Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

37.4 Proton (1 H) NMR spectroscopy