Understanding Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration: Physics Essentials for Students and Educators

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Chapter 1: Kinematics

1.1 Speed

1.2 Distance and displacement, scalar and vector

1.3 Speed and velocity

1.4 Displacement–time graphs

1.5 Combining displacements

1.6 Combining velocities

1.7 Subtracting vectors

1.8 Other examples of scalar and vector quantities

Chapter 2: Accelerated motion

2.1 The meaning of acceleration

2.2 Calculating acceleration

2.3 Units of acceleration

2.4 Deducing acceleration

2.5 Deducing displacement

2.6 Measuring velocity and acceleration

2.7 Determining velocity and acceleration in the laboratory

2.8 The equations of motion

2.9 Deriving the equations of motion

2.10 Uniform and non-uniform acceleration

2.11 Acceleration caused by gravity

2.12 Determining g

2.13 Motion in two dimensions: projectiles

2.14 Understanding projectiles

Chapter 3: Dynamics

3.1 Force, mass and acceleration

3.2 Identifying forces

3.3 Weight, friction and gravity

3.4 Mass and inertia

3.5 Moving through fluids

3.6 Newton’s third law of motion

3.7 Understanding SI units

Chapter 4: Forces

4.1 Combining forces

4.2 Components of vectors

4.3 Centre of gravity

4.4 The turning effect of a force

4.5 The torque of a couple

Chapter 5: Work, energy and power

5.1 Doing work, transferring energy

5.2 Gravitational potential energy

5.3 Kinetic energy

5.4 Gravitational potential to kinetic energy transformations

5.5 Down, up, down: energy changes

5.6 Energy transfers

5.7 Power

Chapter 6: Momentum

6.1 The idea of momentum

6.2 Modelling collisions

6.3 Understanding collisions

6.4 Explosions and crash-landings

6.5 Collisions in two dimensions

6.6 Momentum and Newton’s laws

6.7 Understanding motion

Chapter 7: Matter and materials

7.1 Density

7.2 Pressure

7.3 Archimedes’ principle

7.4 Compressive and tensile forces

7.5 Stretching materials

7.6 Elastic potential energy

Chapter 8: Electric current

8.1 Circuit symbols and diagrams

8.2 Electric current

8.3 An equation for current

8.4 The meaning of voltage

8.5 Electrical resistance

8.6 Electrical power

Chapter 9: Kirchhoff’s laws

9.1 Kirchhoff’s first law

9.2 Kirchhoff’s second law

9.3 Applying Kirchhoff’s laws

9.4 Resistor combinations

Chapter 10: Resistance and resistivity

10.1 The I-V characteristic for a metallic conductor

10.2 Ohm’s law

10.3 Resistance and temperature

10.4 Resistivity

Chapter 11: Practical circuits

11.1 Internal resistance

11.2 Potential dividers

11.3 Sensors

11.4 Potentiometer circuits

Chapter 12: Waves

12.1 Describing waves

12.2 Longitudinal and transverse waves

12.3 Wave energy

12.4 Wave speed

12.5 The Doppler effect for sound waves

12.6 Electromagnetic waves

12.7 Electromagnetic radiation

12.8 Orders of magnitude

12.9 The nature of electromagnetic waves

12.10 Polarisation

Chapter 13: Superposition of waves

13.1 The principle of superposition of waves

13.2 Diffraction of waves

13.3 Interference

13.4 The Young double-slit experiment

13.5 Diffraction gratings

Chapter 14: Stationary waves

14.1 From moving to stationary

14.2 Nodes and antinodes

14.3 Formation of stationary waves

14.4 Determining the wavelength and speed of sound

Chapter 15: Atomic structure

15.1 Looking inside the atom

15.2 Alpha-particle scattering and the nucleus

15.3 A simple model of the atom

15.4 Nucleons and electrons

15.5 Forces in the nucleus

15.6 Discovering radioactivity

15.7 Radiation from radioactive substances

15.8 Energies in α and β decay

15.9 Equations of radioactive decay

15.10 Fundamental particles

15.11 Families of particles

15.12 Another look at β decay

15.13 Another nuclear force

P1 Practical skills at AS Level

P1.1 Practical work in physics

P1.2 Using apparatus and following instructions

P1.3 Gathering evidence

P1.4 Precision, accuracy, errors and uncertainties

P1.5 Finding the value of an uncertainty

P1.6 Percentage uncertainty

P1.7 Recording results

P1.8 Analysing results

P1.9 Testing a relationship

P1.10 Combining uncertainties

P1.11 Identifying limitations in procedures and suggesting improvements

Chapter 16: Circular motion

16.1 Describing circular motion

16.2 Angles in radians

16.3 Steady speed, changing velocity

16.4 Angular speed

16.5 Centripetal forces

16.6 Calculating acceleration and force

16.7 The origins of centripetal forces

Chapter 17: Gravitational fields

17.1 Representing a gravitational field

17.2 Gravitational field strength g

17.3 Energy in a gravitational field

17.4 Gravitational potential

17.5 Orbiting under gravity

17.6 The orbital period

17.7 Orbiting the Earth

Chapter 18: Oscillations

18.1 Free and forced oscillations

18.2 Observing oscillations

18.3 Describing oscillations

18.4 Simple harmonic motion

18.5 Representing s.h.m. graphically

18.6 Frequency and angular frequency

18.7 Equations of s.h.m.

18.8 Energy changes in s.h.m.

18.9 Damped oscillations

18.10 Resonance

Chapter 19: Thermal physics

19.1 Changes of state

19.2 Energy changes

19.3 Internal energy

19.4 The meaning of temperature

19.5 Thermometers

19.6 Calculating energy changes

Chapter 20: Ideal gases

20.1 Particles of a gas

20.2 Explaining pressure

20.3 Measuring gases

20.4 Boyle’s law

20.5 Changing temperature

20.6 Ideal gas equation

20.7 Modelling gases: the kinetic model

20.8 Temperature and molecular kinetic energy

Chapter 21: Uniform electric fields

21.1 Attraction and repulsion

21.2 The concept of an electric field

21.3 Electric field strength

21.4 Force on a charge

Chapter 22: Coulomb’s law

22.1 Electric fields

22.2 Coulomb’s law

22.3 Electric field strength for a radial field

22.4 Electric potential

22.5 Gravitational and electric fields

Chapter 23: Capacitance

23.1 Capacitors in use

23.2 Energy stored in a capacitor

23.3 Capacitors in parallel

23.4 Capacitors in series

23.5 Comparing capacitors and resistors

23.6 Capacitor networks

23.7 Charge and discharge of capacitors

Chapter 24: Magnetic fields and electromagnetism

24.1 Producing and representing magnetic fields

24.2 Magnetic force

24.3 Magnetic flux density

24.4 Measuring magnetic flux density

24.5 Currents crossing fields

24.6 Forces between currents

24.7 Relating SI units

24.8 Comparing forces in magnetic, electric and gravitational fields

Chapter 25: Motion of charged particles

25.1 Observing the force

25.2 Orbiting charged particles

25.3 Electric and magnetic fields

25.4 The Hall effect

25.5 Discovering the electron

Chapter 26: Electromagnetic induction

26.1 Observing induction

26.2 Explaining electromagnetic induction

26.3 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

26.4 Lenz’s law

26.5 Everyday examples of electromagnetic induction

Chapter 27: Alternating currents

27.1 Sinusoidal current

27.2 Alternating voltages

27.3 Power and alternating current

27.4 Rectification

Chapter 28: Quantum physics

28.1 Modelling with particles and waves

28.2 Particulate nature of light

28.3 The photoelectric effect

28.4 Threshold frequency and wavelength

28.5 Photons have momentum too

28.6 Line spectra

28.7 Explaining the origin of line spectra

28.8 Photon energies

28.9 The nature of light: waves or particles?

28.10 Electron waves

28.11 Revisiting photons

Chapter 29: Nuclear physics

29.1 Balanced equations

29.2 Mass and energy

29.3 Energy released in radioactive decay

29.4 Binding energy and stability

29.5 Randomness and radioactive decay

29.6 The mathematics of radioactive decay

29.7 Decay graphs and equations

29.8 Decay constant λ and half-life t½

Chapter 30: Medical imaging

30.1 The nature and production of X-rays

30.2 X-ray attenuation

30.3 Improving X-ray images

30.4 Computerised axial tomography

30.5 Using ultrasound in medicine

30.6 Echo sounding

30.7 Ultrasound scanning

30.8 Positron Emission Tomography

Chapter 31: Astronomy and cosmology

31.1 Standard candles

31.2 Luminosity and radiant flux intensity

31.3 Stellar radii

31.4 The expanding Universe

P2 Practical skills at A Level

P2.1 Planning and analysis

P2.2 Planning

P2.3 Analysis of the data

P2.4 Treatment of uncertainties

P2.5 Conclusions and evaluation of results