Combined Science (B) J260,01 Foundation June 2023

The biology exam paper explores key topics such as pathogens, immune responses, reflex arcs, genetic inheritance, and the roles of DNA and environmental factors in variation. It assesses understanding of the carbon cycle, respiration, photosynthesis, water transport in plants, and hormonal regulation. Practical applications include calculating biomass transfer, interpreting food chains, and analyzing hormone-driven blood sugar changes. Keywords include “pathogen defense,“ “photosynthesis,“ “biomass efficiency,“ “Punnett square,“ “villi absorption,“ and “hormonal contraceptives.“ The paper emphasizes data interpretation, critical analysis, and real-world scientific applications.