Biology 9700,12 Oct Nov 2024

1. Microscopy and Cell Structure | Identification of microscope type based on visibility of organelles, resolution differences between light and electron microscopes, and recognition of cell components.

2. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | Features distinguishing glycogen from starch, hydrolysis of macromolecules, enzyme inhibition (competitive vs. non-competitive), and calculation of molecular weight of phospholipids.

3. Membrane Structure and Transport | Phospholipid bilayer properties, permeability to ions, diffusion vs. osmosis, and active transport of ions in plants.

4. Cell Division and Genetic Material | Mitotic phases, telomerase function, transcription and translation processes, DNA and RNA base pairing, and roles of various nucleotides.

5. Gas Exchange and Circulation | Oxygen dissociation curves, Bohr effect, heart chambers and blood flow, artery structure, and adaptations of gas exchange surfaces.

6. Pathogens and Immunity | Differences between bacterial, fungal, and protoctist pathogens, monoclonal antibody production, passive immunity duration, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.