Biology 9700/41 Oct Nov 2017 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Biodiversity considerations at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels, including population challenges in blue whales due to hunting, industrial activities, and high toxin accumulation in fatty tissues.

2. Effects of saxitoxin from Alexandrium tamarense on whale mortality through neuronal paralysis and classification of algae in the kingdom Protoctista based on structural differences from Plantae.

3. Hill reaction to study light-dependent photosynthesis, using DCPIP as an electron acceptor, light wavelength effects on photosynthetic rate, and setup for controlled experimental conditions.

4. Competition and predation dynamics between red and grey squirrels in the British Isles, molecular similarity investigations, and natural selection effects influenced by pine marten predation.

5. Genetic engineering in Bt cotton, advantages of Cry1Ac protein, use of genetic markers, economic considerations for Bt versus non-GM cotton, and adaptation strategies for drought resistance in cotton.

6. Chemiosmosis in ATP synthesis, roles of mitochondrial membranes and oxygen in cellular respiration, and experimental setups to demonstrate proton gradient dependency in isolated mitochondria.

7. Genetic basis of galactosaemia caused by GALT mutations, phenotypic probability outcomes for offspring based on parental genotypes, and prenatal diagnostic techniques for metabolic disorders.

8. Negative feedback in homeostasis for blood glucose and temperature regulation, roles of endocrine and nervous systems, and physiological responses like vasoconstriction, shivering, and adrenaline secretion.