Ancient History J198,02 June 2023 , OCR GCSE Past Papers with Mark Schemes

1. The Foundations of Rome (753–440 BC): The role of Romulus in founding Rome, the shift from kingship to the republic, the impact of Tarquinius Superbus’ rule, and the significance of war in Rome’s establishment.

2. Hannibal and the Second Punic War (218–201 BC): Hannibal’s leadership qualities, the hardships faced by his army crossing the Alps, the tactical brilliance at Cannae, and the role of Roman leadership in his defeat.

3. Cleopatra and Rome (69–30 BC): Mark Antony’s political and territorial gifts to Cleopatra, the economic and strategic importance of Egypt to Rome, and the significance of the Battle of Actium in Cleopatra’s rule.

4. Roman Britain (AD 43–c.84): Claudius’ motives for invading Britain, the role of Roman governors in Welsh campaigns, the causes of Boudicca’s revolt, and the nature of Roman-British cooperation.

5. Analysis of Primary Sources: Evaluation of ancient sources like Livy, Polybius, Plutarch, and Suetonius on historical accuracy, biases, and reliability in describing events.

6. Military and Political Power Struggles: Examination of how military strategy, leadership, revolts, and alliances shaped the expansion and governance of Rome and its neighboring territories.