Classical Civilisation J199,23 June 2023 , OCR GCSE Past Papers with Mark Schemes

1. Athenian Military & Warfare | Number of generals in Athenian military, assignment of roles, effectiveness of battle formations, strategies for phalanx success.

2. Roman Military & Leadership | Military commemorations, symbolism in Trajan’s victories, function of Roman military equipment, role of legionary office holders.

3. Greek & Persian Conflicts | Factors leading to Greek victory at Salamis, naval strategy, advantages in warfare, comparison of Athenian and Spartan tactics.

4. Ancient Battles & Strategy | Debate on Spartan military superiority, evaluation of Roman army size versus strategic advantages, effectiveness of organization in warfare.

5. Homer & Virgil’s Depictions of War | Character contrast between Hector and Paris, Homer’s vivid battle descriptions, Virgil’s portrayal of Helen’s role in war, Aeneas′ anger and revenge.

6. Themes of War in Literature | Depiction of non-combatants′ suffering, Hector as an ideal hero, importance of fear and courage in ancient texts, representation of male warriors in Horace’s works.