Classical Civilisation J199,23 June 2022 , OCR GCSE Past Papers with Mark Schemes

1. Spartan Military & Society | Role of Helots in Spartan society, strategic selection of soldiers for defense, significance of discipline in Spartan warfare, dual kingship system, consequences of cowardice in battle.

2. Roman Legionary Equipment & Fortress Design | Functionality of weapons and armor, importance of military fortifications, challenges posed by helmet design, advantages of Roman battle formations.

3. Greek Warfare & Battle Tactics | Athenian military techniques, equipment used against the Persians, analysis of battle strategy, role of luck in Athenian victories.

4. Historical Battles & Leadership | Factors contributing to Octavian’s victory at Actium, evaluation of organization in warfare, effectiveness of military leadership, role of strategy versus luck in historical conflicts.

5. Depictions of War in Ancient Literature | Homer’s portrayal of divine intervention in battle, Virgil’s depiction of military engagements, significance of honor and shame in ancient warfare, use of epithets in character descriptions.

6. Women & Heroism in War | Role of women in ancient conflicts, influence of female figures in war narratives, debate on hubris in ancient heroes, comparison of leadership styles in epic literature.