Biology 9700/43 Oct Nov 2014 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Genetic basis of phenylketonuria (PKU) involving base substitution mutations, effects on phenylalanine hydroxylase, and evolutionary differences in allele frequency due to environmental factors.

2. Captive breeding programs for endangered species like the Californian condor, challenges in reproduction and survival, and threats posed by environmental pollutants.

3. Genetic engineering of insulin using mRNA and enzyme applications, with advantages of using eukaryotic systems like yeast.

4. Energy requirements in living organisms, ATP structure-function relationship, and adaptations of Thermus thermophilus to oxygen-limited environments.

5. Use of white-rot fungi in biodegradation of azo-dyes, operational benefits of continuous culture, and advantages of immobilized enzyme technology.

6. Roles of mineral ions (e.g., Fe²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺) in mammalian physiological processes, and molecular transport during glomerular filtration.

7. Genetic inheritance in ABO blood group systems using pedigree analysis and allelic combinations.

8. Photosynthetic processes involving light intensity effects, absorption spectra of pigments, and the role of accessory pigments in energy capture.