Biology 9700/23 Oct Nov 2016 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Features and functions of biological molecules such as amylopectin, cellulose, RNA, and polypeptides; their bonding structures, branching, and roles in animals and plants.

2. Mechanisms of enzyme activity including lowering activation energy; inhibition effects on enzyme-catalyzed reactions for folic acid synthesis in bacteria, with implications for antibiotics and drug design.

3. Structure and function of cell membranes; phospholipid properties enabling membrane integrity and fluidity; roles of membrane proteins in transport and signal transduction.

4. Mechanisms of water movement in plant roots; pathways from xylem to surrounding tissues; involvement of osmosis, cohesion, and adhesion in water transport.

5. Protein synthesis facilitated by tRNA and its interaction with ribosomes; details of tRNA synthesis in the nucleus and its structural adaptations for amino acid transport.

6. Oxygen transport and hemoglobin function; factors like smoking reducing oxygen binding in alveoli; Bohr effect in oxygen release under high carbon dioxide conditions.

7. Epidemiological patterns of measles; vaccination-driven antibody production; persistence of cases in vaccinated populations due to factors like vaccine coverage and immunity gaps.