Biology 9700/13 Oct Nov 2012 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Structural and functional comparisons between prokaryotic and plant cells, including shared features like the cell wall.
2. Electron versus light microscopy resolution, effects of magnification on image clarity, and structural visualization in biological samples.
3. Bond types in polysaccharides like starch and cellulose, highlighting glycosidic linkages and glucose polymerization.
4. Membrane fluidity factors, including lipid components and protein roles in cell transport.
5. ATP-dependent processes like active transport and phagocytosis, with implications for cellular energy requirements.
6. Oxygen transport efficiency in hemoglobin under varying pH levels, oxygen dissociation curves, and the Bohr effect.
7. Blood vessel structural features, adaptations for functions, and differences among arteries, veins, and capillaries.
8. Immunological responses to vaccines, B-lymphocyte memory cell production, and the challenges of malaria vaccine development.
9. Nitrogen cycle bacterium roles, including nitrifying and denitrifying processes, and energy transfer efficiency in food chains.