Cambridge Progression Test Stage 8 Science 2023 Paper 1

1. Biology: blood components and functions (RBC, WBC, plasma), gas exchange (alveolus, diffusion), breathing gas composition, nutrient analysis for energy (protein, carb, fat), antagonistic muscle movement, breathing rate increase post-exercise.
2. Chemistry: atomic structure (nucleus, electrons, proton/neutron), charge interactions, chromatography (separation of mixtures, pigment purity), pure vs impure substances, modeling with diagrams.
3. Physics: ray behavior in optical fibers (reflection errors), magnetic fields and compass directions, turning forces (moment = force × distance), circuit measurements (voltage, current, ammeter, voltmeter), direction of magnetic needle alignment.
4. Earth science: temperature changes over 800,000 years, identifying ice ages, greenhouse gases (e.g. CO₂), particle theory for pressure decrease after combustion, resource classification (renewable vs non-renewable).
5. Environmental science: food web dynamics (cats, quolls, dragonflies), bioaccumulation and toxicity effects from pesticide use, impact of invasive species, conservation implications.