Biology 9700/12 May June 2019 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Calculation of magnification and resolution in microscopy, including steps to derive magnification and typical resolutions for light and electron microscopes.

2. Identification of molecular and structural features in cells and viruses, such as circular DNA, ribosomes, protein coats, and differences in fatty acid interactions affecting membrane fluidity.

3. Analysis of polysaccharides, peptide bonds, protein structures, and the effects of amino acid sequences on active sites and tensile strength.

4. Interpretation of enzyme activity, substrate saturation, and reaction rate graphs, including relationships between enzyme concentration, substrate use, and product formation.

5. Study of DNA base pairing, mutations, and their impact on protein functionality, such as stop codon introduction, amino acid sequence changes, and non-functional proteins.

6. Investigation of transport mechanisms in plants and animals, including apoplast and symplast pathways, transpiration rates in xerophytes, water potential in phloem, and CO₂ transport in mammalian blood.

7. Examination of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, with focus on arterial tissue composition, roles of nicotine and carbon monoxide, and mechanical and chemical regulation in alveoli and arteries.

8. Overview of specific and nonspecific immune responses, immunity types (natural passive, active, and artificial), and structural-functional analysis of antibody classes.