Biology 9700/33 March 2023 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

- Human kidney structure: regions, loops of Henle, Bowman’s capsules, glomeruli, urine concentration.
- Aquaporins: role in osmoregulation, water potential regulation, kidney function.
- Brain function: osmoregulation response to blood water potential changes, hormonal regulation.
- Recombinant DNA technology: IFN-α production, E. coli transformation, lac operon regulation, antibiotic resistance.
- Antibiotic resistance evolution: natural selection, genetic variation, mutation processes.
- Continuous variation: body mass in salmon, genetic modification effects, growth hormone influence.