Biology 9700/41 May June 2023 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Investigation of chloroplast structures and functions, focusing on proton accumulation, ATP synthesis, and protein production during photosynthesis.

2. Chromatography used to separate chloroplast pigments, emphasizing the role of pigment diversity in maximizing light absorption efficiency.

3. Ecosystem restoration on Hawadax Island by eradicating invasive rats, with biodiversity recovery assessed through bird, invertebrate, and seaweed abundance changes.

4. Adaptations in rice plants for submerged growth, including aerenchyma formation and auxin-mediated stem elongation, alongside selective breeding for faster growth.

5. Application of recombinant DNA technology for insulin production, comparing advantages of human analogues over animal-derived insulin.

6. Analysis of osmoregulation in kidneys, including the roles of ADH, glucagon, and G-protein-coupled receptors in cellular signaling pathways.

7. Genetic studies on fur traits in rabbits, illustrating Mendelian inheritance, independent assortment, and the use of χ² tests for phenotypic ratios.

8. Coenzyme functions in aerobic respiration, focusing on NAD, FAD, and CoA in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

9. Examination of genetic mutations like PC deficiency, highlighting its impact on respiration rates and its classification as a discontinuous variation.