Biology 9700/23 Oct Nov 2021 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

- Protein synthesis stages: transcription, translation, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids.
- Mutagenesis: amino acid sequence alteration, β-globin polypeptide, haemoglobin structure, function implications.
- Enzyme activity: pepsin, hydrolysis, competitive inhibitors, reaction rates, temperature effects.
- Red blood cells: identification criteria, capillary function, tissue fluid composition differences.
- Altitude adaptation: haemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, physiological changes, blood oxygen levels.
- Stomatal regulation: guard cells, cellulose microfibrils, ion movement, transpiration effects, channel proteins.