Biology 9700/22 Oct Nov 2018 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Comparison of healthy and emphysema-affected lung tissue, including gas exchange efficiency, alveolar structure measurements, and physiological impacts on oxygen uptake.

2. Adaptations of xerophytic plants for water conservation, effects of cardiac glycosides on vascular tissue and ion transport mechanisms in cardiac cells, and their use in treating heart disorders.

3. Importance of mitosis and stem cells in tissue repair, role of cell signaling in liver regeneration, and differences in tissue responses to damage in epithelial, liver, and cardiac tissues.

4. Structural features of viruses, trends in anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant HIV-positive women, global implications of ART, and production steps for monoclonal antibodies specific to HIV proteins.

5. Composition and structural differences between DNA and RNA nucleotides, testing for reducing sugars in nucleic acids, and comparisons of pentose sugars, purine, and pyrimidine bases.

6. Functional roles of organelles lost during red blood cell maturation, chemical forms of hemoglobin-bound gases, and their implications for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood.