Biology 9700/41 Oct Nov 2023 | Cambridge AS Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

1. Chloroplast structure, including thylakoids and grana, related to their function in photosynthesis; importance of Calvin cycle in carbon fixation and ecosystem support.

2. Biodiversity assessment at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels; low genetic variation's impact on long-term species survival and conservation status.

3. Application of Hardy-Weinberg principle in estimating heterozygosity in Ipomoea purpurea; continuous variation linked to polygenic inheritance and environmental factors.

4. Effects of CO₂ on stomatal aperture in I. pes-caprae and role of abscisic acid in stomatal closure, aiding water conservation under climate change.

5. Use of recombinant DNA in genetically modified potato plants for pest resistance; evaluation of GM plants in addressing global food demands.

6. Enzymatic role in respiration pathways; comparison of anaerobic fermentation in mammals and yeast, highlighting substrate-level ATP production.

7. Neuromuscular junction mechanisms, adrenaline's role in cell signaling, and calcium phosphate's potential inhibition of muscle contraction.

8. Microarray analysis of light intensity's effect on gene expression in kale; higher gene activation under high light due to enhanced photosynthetic demand.

9. Evolutionary adaptations in green lacewings' tympanal organs to avoid predation; speciation via behavioral and temporal reproductive isolation.

10. Applications of genetic technology in medicine, including gene therapy for cystic fibrosis and CRISPR for targeted genetic corrections.