Classical Civilisation J199,23 November 2020 , OCR GCSE Past Papers with Mark Schemes

1. Athenian & Spartan Military Systems | Military roles based on social class, Spartan soldier equipment, advantages and disadvantages of Spartan slaves in warfare.

2. Roman Legionary & Naval Warfare | Functions of Roman legionary roles, significance of military equipment, features of Roman warships and naval tactics.

3. Key Ancient Battles | Battle of Actium, Octavian’s strategic victory, Greek naval superiority at Salamis, effectiveness of Spartan military training.

4. Epic Poetry & Heroism | Use of epithets in Homeric poetry, heroic qualities of Diomedes, role of divine intervention in warfare, literary techniques for battle descriptions.

5. Roman Military Hardships | Life of Roman soldiers, Parthian conflicts, conditions of military campaigns, glorification of war in Roman literature.

6. Heroes & Divine Influence in War | Achilles as the ideal hero, impact of gods on warfare narratives, themes of divine favor and fate in epic literature.