Classical Civilisation J199,23 November 2021 , OCR GCSE Past Papers with Mark Schemes

1. Greek & Roman Military Conflicts | Origins of major ancient battles, causes of conflicts, key weapons and battle strategies, role of military tactics in victories.

2. Roman Leadership & Achievements | Identification of Trajan, assessment of his abilities beyond warfare, significance of his leadership in battle and governance.

3. Naval Warfare & Battle of Actium | Strategic maneuvers in naval battles, factors contributing to Octavian’s victory, impact of naval warfare on military outcomes.

4. Spartan & Athenian Military Organization | Effectiveness of Spartan forces at Thermopylae, organization of Athenian army and navy, comparison of military discipline.

5. Divine Influence & Heroism in Literature | Role of gods in battle, depiction of Ares and Aphrodite in Homeric epics, heroic qualities of Aeneas, use of similes and epithets.

6. Themes in Epic Literature | Fear and courage in ancient texts, narrative techniques versus event significance, importance of family and ancestry in epic storytelling.